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Introdution:

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects, which are instances of classes, to organize code. Here are some basic concepts of OOP in Python:

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects, which are instances of classes, to organize code. Here are some basic concepts of OOP in Python:

1. Class

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines a data structure that represents a real-world entity and the methods (functions) that operate on that data. Here’s a simple example of a class in Python:

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def bark(self):
        print("Woof!")

# Creating an instance of the Dog class
my_dog = Dog("Buddy", 3)

# Accessing attributes
print(my_dog.name)  # Output: Buddy

# Calling a method
my_dog.bark()  # Output: Woof!

2. Object

An object is an instance of a class. It is a concrete realization of the class blueprint, with its own unique data and behavior. In the example above, my_dog is an object of the Dog class.

3. Attributes:

Attributes are variables that store data within a class. In the Dog class example, name and age are attributes.

4. Methods

Methods are functions defined within a class. They represent the behavior associated with the objects of the class. In the Dog class example, init is a special method called the constructor, and bark is a custom method.

5. Encapsulation:

Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data (attributes) and methods that operate on the data within a single unit (class). It helps in hiding the internal details of an object and only exposing what is necessary.

6. Inheritance:

Inheritance allows a class (subclass/derived class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (superclass/base class). It promotes code reuse and supports the creation of a hierarchy of classes.

class GoldenRetriever(Dog):
    def fetch(self):
        print("Fetching the ball!")

my_golden = GoldenRetriever("Max", 2)
my_golden.bark()    # Output: Woof!
my_golden.fetch()   # Output: Fetching the ball!

7. Polymorphism:

Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common base class. It enables a single interface to represent different types of objects.

def introduce_pet(pet):
    print(f"My pet {pet.name} is {pet.age} years old.")

introduce_pet(my_dog)      # Output: My pet Buddy is 3 years old.
introduce_pet(my_golden)   # Output: My pet Max is 2 years old.

Conclusion:

These are some fundamental concepts of OOP in Python. Understanding and applying these concepts can help you write more organized, modular, and reusable code.